Series: Remedies available to companies harmed by industrial espionage

The authors would like to thank Thomas Fogarty and Anya Bharat Ram for their contributions to this post.

Section 1832 of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (the “Act”) criminalizes the theft of trade secrets “intended for use in interstate or foreign commerce, to the economic benefit of anyone other than the owner.” 18 U.S.C. § 1832(a). The Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 (the “DTSA”) amends the Act to include a civil cause of action for the misappropriation of trade secrets. 18 U.S.C. § 1836(b)(1). Thus, victimized individuals or corporations whose trade secrets were stolen may seek an injunction, monetary damages, or attorneys’ fees. In extreme cases, parties may seek an ex parte seizure to prevent the misuse of stolen trade secrets.

Industrial espionage refers to various activities performed to gain an unfair competitive advantage, including the theft of trade secrets. In previous articles (here and here), we discussed how companies can legally and practically protect themselves from industrial espionage. However, where these protections fail, remedies are available.

Injunction

A court may grant an injunction “to prevent any actual or threatened misappropriation [of a trade secret] . . . on such terms as the court deems reasonable.” § 1836(b)(3)(A)(i). Such an injunction requires the defendant to take affirmative action to protect the secret. § 1836(b)(3)(A)(ii). Yet the court may deny the injunction, but allow the defendant to use the trade secret if they pay a “reasonable royalty” for a specified period of time. § 1836(b)(3)(A)(iii). Any injunction may not prevent the defendant from “entering into an employment relationship with another,” nor may it contradict any state laws “prohibiting restraints on the practice of a lawful profession, trade, or business.” §§ 1836(b)(3)(A)(i)(I)–(II).

FinCEN Requests Public Comments on Potential No-Action Letter Process

By Sanaa Bayyari on June 28, 2022 Posted in anti-money laundering, FinCEN, U.S. Congress, US Treasury

Thanks to our Summer Associate, Apollo Yong, for his work on this timely blog.

On June 6, 2022, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”), a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Treasury, issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (“ANPRM”), requesting public comment on questions related to FinCEN’s implementation of a no-action letter process.[1] The ANPRM seeks to determine whether the public supports the no-action letter process and how the public expects the process to differ from other forms of relief that FinCEN already offers.

FinCEN’s Report to Congress

FinCEN began considering a no-action letter process after the passage of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (the “AML Act”). Section 6305(a) of the AML Act required FinCEN to assess whether it should establish a process for issuing no-action letters in response to inquiries from persons concerning the application of anti-money laundering or countering the financing of terrorism laws (such as the Bank Secrecy Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and section 8(s) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act) and regulations to a regulated entity’s specific conduct.[2] Section 6305(b) of the AML Act required FinCEN to submit a report (the “Report”) to Congress, which contains all findings and determinations made in carrying out the no-action letter assessment as well as proposed rulemakings, if appropriate, to implement the findings and determinations the agency made throughout the no-action letter assessment process.

Webinar: US Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act: Is Your Organization Prepared?

By Jonathan Chibafa on June 20, 2022 Posted in China, corporate compliance, corruption, Uncategorized

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President Biden signed the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA) into law in December 2021. Beginning on June 21, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) will apply a “rebuttable presumption” that all goods originating from China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region violate an existing ban on the importation of goods made with forced labor into the US.

Our team of seasoned specialists will discuss UFLPA’s implementation – including the latest guidance – and best practices for compliance. Please join us on June 23 at 11am EDT for this timely webinar.

For additional detail and registration information, click here.

Law Commission Proposes Reforms to Corporate Criminal Liability in the UK

By Ben Ticehurst on June 14, 2022 Posted in Anti-corruption, corruption, Serious Fraud Office (SFO), United Kingdom

The proposal outlines 10 possible ways to bolster UK corporate criminal liability.

The UK Law Commission, has published their proposals (the Options Paper) to overhaul criminal law as it applies to companies in the UK. The Law Commission is an independent commission created by Parliament to keep UK law under review and to recommend reforms. The Options Paper outlines 10 possible ways to strengthen corporate liability by both criminal and civil law reforms.

Background

To establish corporate criminal liability, long-standing English law requires that prosecutors prove that a “directing mind or will” (i.e., directors or other senior management) was culpable (the Identification Doctrine). This requirement has made the prosecution of large organisations very challenging for law enforcement agencies, with the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) being the most vocal critics of the Identification Doctrine, given the most senior employees are seldom privy to decisions made at the operational level of the business. By contrast, under US criminal law, organizations generally are vicariously liable for offenses committed by their agents.

The UK’s OFSI provides guidance on strict liability sanctions breach penalties

By Ben Ticehurst on June 10, 2022 Posted in corporate compliance, Economic sanctions, Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation, Sanctions, Sanctions, United Kingdom

The Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (OFSI), part of HM Treasury, which is the authority for implementing financial sanctions in the UK, have published guidance to clarify how they will use their new powers to impose civil monetary penalties for sanctions breaches on a strict liability basis from Monday 15 June 2022. The full message from Director Giles Thomson is available here.

The Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Act 2022, which we recently blogged on, removed the requirement that a person must have known, suspected or believed that they were acting in breach of sanctions before significant civil penalties could be imposed. This legislative change undoubtedly makes it easier for OFSI to hand out significant fines. However, this guidance recognises that all a responsible business can do in the moment when making decisions about sanction compliance in the course of business is to base these decisions upon their knowledge or suspicion having taken reasonable steps of enquiry.

OFSI’s guidance confirms that, when deciding whether to impose a civil penalty, OFSI will take into account whether the person committing the breach knew or suspected that their conduct amounted to a breach of financial sanctions as well as the efforts they took to prevent breaches.

Series: Overview of Ways to Legally and Practically Protect Your Company from Industrial Espionage

By Woli Urbe, Colin Jennings and Benjamin Glassman on June 3, 2022 Posted in Economic sanctions, Intellectual Property, Technology, United States

As we discussed in a previous article, companies can be at risk from internal and external sources of industrial espionage, in an attempt to gain an unfair competitive advantage or disrupt operations.

Legal Protections

Owners of a trade secret have a federal cause of action against an individual or company that misappropriates their trade secret “if the trade secret is related to a product or service used in, or intended for use in, interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 1836(b)(1). The Defend Trade Secrets Act of 2016 (“DTSA”), which amends the Economic Espionage Act of 1996, defines a “trade secret” to include “all forms and types of financial, business, scientific, technical, economic, or engineering information.” However, the DTSA requires that: (1) the owner takes “reasonable measures to keep such information secret;” and (2) “the information derives independent economic value, actual or potential, from” its secrecy. Id. at § 1839(3).

There is no specific guidance on what constitutes “reasonable measures” that an owner must take to keep their trade secrets safe. As a result, whether measures are “reasonable” significantly depends on the nature of the trade secret at issue. In Dairy, LLC v. Milk Movement Inc., the plaintiff, Dairy, LLC (“Dairy”), sought a preliminary injunction to prevent the defendant, Milk Movement Inc., from using secret methods used in Dairy’s payroll software. The methods in Dairy’s payroll software enabled its clients to maximize benefits related to milk prices paid to dairy producers by milk handlers. No. 21-cv-02233, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34072 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 25, 2022). The trial court held that Dairy had not shown any reasonable measures were in place to protect its trade secret. The trial court noted that Dairy posted screen shots of its software on its own website that included placeholders for data input, such that the software could be reverse engineered. See Dairy, 2022 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 34072at *4. Accordingly, the trial court denied the injunction.

Series: Types of Industrial Espionage

By Benjamin Glassman, Colin Jennings and Woli Urbe on May 10, 2022 Posted in cyberattack, cybersecurity, Data Protection & Privacy, Intellectual Property, Uncategorized, United States

Industrial espionage refers to various activities performed to gain an unfair competitive advantage, rather than for national security purposes. As we discussed in a previous article, the ways in which industrial espionage can affect a company are numerous and include theft of trade secrets and disruption to operation.

Section 1832 of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (the “Act”) criminalizes the theft of trade secrets “intended for use in interstate or foreign commerce, to the economic benefit of anyone other than the owner.” The trade secret owner is required to take “reasonable measures” to keep the information secret. For individuals, convictions in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1832 can result in a prison sentence of up to 10 years or a monetary penalty, or both. For organizations, the fine may be “not more than the greater of $5,000,000 or 3 times the value of the stolen trade secret . . . including expenses for research and design and other costs of reproducing the trade secret.” Section 1832 requires that the products be “produced for” or “placed in” interstate or foreign commerce.

New DOJ KleptoCapture Task Force to Enforce Russia Sanctions

By Chase Goldstein on May 9, 2022 Posted in corruption, Cryptocurrency, cybersecurity, Department of Justice, Economic sanctions, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), Sanctions, United States

On March 2, 2022, the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”) announced the creation of the interagency Task Force KleptoCapture (the “Task Force”) to enforce the sanctions, export restrictions, and economic countermeasures against Russian officials and oligarchs in response to the conflict in Ukraine. The Task Force will consist of prosecutors and agents from numerous federal agencies and will have the authority to investigate and criminally prosecute sanctions violations, as well as seize and forfeit assets belonging to oligarchs and others who violate sanctions.

Background

In response to the conflict, the U.S. government and ally nations have imposed the most restrictive sanctions ever against a major economic power, designed to isolate Russia from global markets. President Biden signaled the creation of a task force to enforce these sanctions in his State of the Union address, stating, “I say to the Russian oligarchs and corrupt leaders who have bilked billions of dollars off this violent regime: no more. The U.S. Department of Justice is assembling a dedicated task force to go after the crimes of Russian oligarchs. We are joining with our European allies to find and seize your yachts, your luxury apartments, your private jets.” The following day, Attorney General Garland announced the launch of the Task Force, stating, “We will leave no stone unturned in our efforts to investigate, arrest, and prosecute those whose criminal acts enable the Russian government to continue this unjust war. Let me be clear: if you violate our laws, we will hold you accountable.”

Slavery in Supply Chains

By Malak Abbas and Jonathan Chibafa on April 15, 2022 Posted in corruption, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Oil and Gas, Power/Energy, Rail, Uncategorized

Squire Patton Boggs has published its first edition of the Commodities & Shipping Group’s (CSG) Quarterly Update. The topic we chose to focus on for this publication is slavery in supply chains.

The Global Survey Index reports over 45.8 million people are subject to modern slavery (26% of whom are children, and 55% are women and girls). The statistics are not only sobering, they have attracted global attention and understandably raised alarm.

Read our full article here.

What Price Privacy? UK Drive For Foreign Owners’ Transparency

By Ben Ticehurst on March 25, 2022 Posted in Anti-corruption, anti-money laundering, Economic sanctions, Russia, UK Bribery Act

I wanted to take a moment to thank WealthBriefing.com for featuring my recent article “What Price Privacy? UK Drive for Foreign Owners’ Transparency”.

As the geopolitical landscape evolves and global financial sanctions take hold, the Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Bill introduced into UK law this month is worth reviewing. Will the new legislation prevent money laundering through UK properties by foreign owners and have the intended impact on oligarchs? Read on:

What Price Privacy? UK Drive for Foreign Owners’ Transparency